And, last but not least, the question of prestige can be considered, and a discipline providing insight for other disciplines will normally be seen as stronger than a discipline drawing from other disciplines.
This wave of research is not without some serious shortcomings, but it launched empirical research into interpreting and probably represents the only period in its history when so many noninterpreters took an interest in interpreting.
However, many of them failed to understand the strategic dimension of interpreting, for example the fact that an interpreter may choose to omit some portions of source text as redundant or having minor importance, or add something by way of explaining some culture-bound concepts. The authors applied a quantita- tive analysis to their experimental material to determine, among other things, the delivery rate number of words per minute of speakers and interpreters.
The most important part of their findings, however, concerns ear—voice span. Although the average ear—voice span lay somewhere between two and three seconds, it was discovered that its distribution was very asymmetrical, ranging from 0. Valuable as this study is, due to the fact that it raised interest in interpreting as a research object and posed numerous important questions, it must be noted that it suffers from many methodological weaknesses, some of them typical of interpreting research done by non- interpreters.
First of all, the number of participants was very small—only three professional interpreters. Second, the interpreting situation was unrealistic. In some parts of the experiments, the participants were requested to interpret strings of disconnected words and sentences, which never happens in practice.
Another popular feeder discipline for interpreting research is neurophysiology. For example, Fabbro, Gran, Basso, and Bava describe an experiment where simultaneous interpreting was studied by means of an experimental procedure known as verbal—manual interference paradigm.
Fourteen advanced interpreting students with Italian as first language and English as second language were asked to interpret, while tapping a key connected to a counter, proverbs which involves the meaning-based approach and lists of words which involves the form-based approach in English and in Italian. The resulting interfer- ence did not show any pronounced difference between right and left hand, which suggests that simultaneous interpreting requires the involvement of both hemispheres.
This suggests that meaning-based interpreting is a more demanding cognitive task. The third crucial feeder discipline for interpreting studies is linguistics, or rather various branches of it. Cohesion studies, for example, have been of great interest to scholars engaged in research on interpreting. Shlesinger set out to validate empirically the hypothesis that a simultaneously interpreted text differs in the types and density of cohesive ties from the source text.
In the experiment she conducted, 13 advanced interpreting students were asked to interpret from English into Hebrew an authentic impromptu speech in English. They did it twice in succession in a standard laboratory used for teaching simultaneous interpreting. The purpose of the second interpretation was to establish whether participants would make any nonrandom changes in the cohesive links due to the prior knowledge of the source text.
Their interpretations were recorded and transcribed. The source text made extensive use of cohesion and contained cohesive links of four types: lexical cohesion, reference, substitution, and conjunction.
The results of the experiment confirmed the initial hypothesis by revealing extensive shifts in each type of examined cohesive devices, particularly those which were seen as not indispensable to comprehend the informational content and those whose understanding required prior knowledge that the subjects did not have.
Another branch of linguistics particularly relevant for interpreting research is pragmatics. On the basis of a corpus of German—English and Chinese—English interpretations obtained partly under real conference conditions and partly experimentally , he showed how the extralinguistic information available to the interpreters helped disambiguate and sometimes enrich the informational content present in the source message.
World knowledge and situational knowledge both had a role to play in this aspect. The s and the s saw the emergence of sociology and sociolinguistics as crucial feeder disciplines for interpreting research. She was among the first to challenge the prescribed nonpar- ticipatory role of interpreters, which has since become the focus of a number of socially oriented studies dealing with the roles played by interpreters working in a wide range of settings such as police stations, courts, hospitals, and universities e.
Metzger, ; Roy, ; Angelelli, a, b. Other fairly popular feeder disciplines include history e. Conclusion Interpreting research nowadays has many facets.
It moves away from prescriptivism. The proportion of empirical studies is on the rise, as is the interest in modes other than conference interpreting, the traditional domain of interpreting research. However, interpreting theory is divided, mainly into the psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic approaches, which look at different aspects of inter- preting information processing vs.
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Multilingua, 5 4 , —5. Fabbro, F. Cerebral lateralization in simultaneous inter- pretation. Brain and Language, 39, 69— Gerver, D. The effects of source language presentation rate on the performance of simul- taneous conference interpreters. Foulke Ed. Gile, D. Basic concepts and models for interpreter and translator training. Conference and simultaneous interpreting.
Baker Ed. London, England: Routledge. Herbert, J. Klonowicz, T. Moser-Mercer Eds. Kopczyiski, A. Quality in conference interpreting: Some pragmatic problems. Kurz, I. Picken Ed. London, England: Institute of Translation and Interpreting.
Conference interpretation: Expectations of different user groups. Multidisciplinarity in process research. Outlooks on empirical research pp. Metzger, M. Sign language interpreting. Deconstructing the myth of neutrality. Research into simultaneous translation. Shlesinger Eds. Reprinted from Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique [] 62 2 , 73— Simultandolmetschen als komplexes Handeln.
Snell-Hornby, Z. Kaindl Eds. Roy, C. Interpreting as a discourse process. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Seleskovitch, D. Interpreting for international conferences: Problems of language and commu- nication S.
McMillan, trans. Washington, DC: Pen and Booth. Setton, R. Simultaneous interpretation: A cognitive-pragmatic analysis. Shlesinger, M. Shifts in cohesion in simultaneous interpreting. Toury, G. Experimentation in translation studies: Achievements, prospects and some pitfalls. Tirkkonen-Conit Ed. Tryuk, M.
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